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High School English Grammar and Composition Wren and Martin

Important points from "Wren and Martin: English Grammar and Composition" in both Urdu and English. At the end, the topics are listed in a separate column.

EnglishUrdu (اردو)Topic
A noun refers to a person, place, thing, or idea.اسم کسی شخص، جگہ، چیز یا خیال کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔Noun
A pronoun replaces a noun, such as "he," "she," "it."ضمیر اسم کی جگہ استعمال ہوتا ہے، جیسے "he," "she," "it"۔Pronoun
A verb expresses an action, such as "run," "write."فعل ایک عمل کو ظاہر کرتا ہے، جیسے "run," "write"۔Verb
Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns, like "big," "small."صفات اسم یا ضمیر کی وضاحت کرتے ہیں، جیسے "big," "small"۔Adjectives
There are two types of verb voices: active and passive.فعل کی حالت دو قسم کی ہوتی ہے: "active" اور "passive"۔Voice
Verb forms change according to tenses.فعل کی شکلیں زمانے (Tenses) کے مطابق تبدیل ہوتی ہیں۔Tenses
There are three tenses: present, past, and future.زمانے تین ہوتے ہیں: حال، ماضی، اور مستقبل۔Tenses
For present continuous actions, "am/is/are + verb + ing" is used.موجودہ زمانے میں جاری عمل کے لیے "am/is/are + verb + ing" استعمال ہوتا ہے۔Present Continuous Tense
For completed past actions, "had + past participle" is used.ماضی میں مکمل شدہ عمل کے لیے "had + past participle" استعمال ہوتا ہے۔Past Perfect Tense
The object is the thing or person receiving the action.مفعول وہ چیز یا شخص ہوتا ہے جس پر عمل کیا جاتا ہے۔Object
"Was/were + verb + ing" is used for past continuous actions.ماضی میں جاری عمل کے لیے "was/were + verb + ing" استعمال ہوتا ہے۔Past Continuous Tense
Prepositions are used to indicate place or time, like "in," "on," "at."حرفِ جر (Prepositions) جگہ یا وقت کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں، جیسے "in," "on," "at"۔Prepositions
An adjective describes the quality or quantity of a noun.اسمِ صفت (Adjective) کسی اسم کی کیفیت یا مقدار بیان کرتا ہے۔Adjectives
The subject is the one who performs the action, like "Ali plays," where "Ali" is the subject.فاعل وہ ہوتا ہے جو عمل کرتا ہے، جیسے "Ali plays" میں "Ali" فاعل ہے۔Subject
There are two voices in verbs: active and passive.فعل کی حالتیں Active اور Passive ہوتی ہیں۔Active & Passive Voice
The structure of word order in a sentence is called syntax.جملے میں ہر لفظ کی ترتیب کو گرامر کی ساخت کہا جاتا ہے۔Syntax
If" clauses express conditions, like "If it rains, we will stay inside."If" clauses شرط کو ظاہر کرتی ہیں، جیسے "If it rains, we will stay inside"۔Conditional Clauses
In a compound sentence, two or more clauses are connected by conjunctions like "and," "but."مرکب جملے میں دو یا زیادہ جملے ایک کنکٹر کے ذریعے جوڑے جاتے ہیں، جیسے "and," "but"۔Compound Sentences
"A" and "an" are used with indefinite nouns."a" اور "an" غیر معین اسم کے ساتھ استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔Articles
The" is used with definite nouns, like "the sun."The" معین اسم کے ساتھ استعمال ہوتا ہے، جیسے "the sun"۔Definite Articles
Definite and indefinite articles specify nouns in a sentence.معین اور غیر معین آرٹیکلز جملے میں اسم کی وضاحت کرتے ہیں۔Articles
Compound words are formed by joining two or more words, like "sunlight."مرکب الفاظ دو یا زیادہ الفاظ کو جوڑ کر بنائے جاتے ہیں، جیسے "sunlight"۔Compound Words
Adjectives have three degrees: positive, comparative, and superlative, like "big, bigger, biggest."صفت کی تین حالتیں ہوتی ہیں: عام، تقابلی، اور اعلی، جیسے "big, bigger, biggest"۔Degrees of Adjectives
A sentence expresses a complete thought, like "Ali is reading a book."جملہ مکمل خیال کا اظہار کرتا ہے، جیسے "Ali is reading a book"۔Sentences
Plural nouns indicate more than one object, like "books."اسمِ جمع (Plural Noun) ایک سے زیادہ چیزوں کو ظاہر کرتا ہے، جیسے "books"۔Plural Nouns
A sentence must end with a period, question mark, or exclamation point.جملے کے آخر میں پیریڈ، سوالیہ نشان یا حیرت کے نشان کا استعمال ضروری ہوتا ہے۔Punctuation
The object is the receiver of the action, like "Ali kicked the ball," where "the ball" is the object.مفعول وہ ہوتا ہے جس پر عمل کیا جاتا ہے، جیسے "Ali kicked the ball" میں "the ball" مفعول ہے۔Object
Verbs change based on present, past, and future.فعل حال، ماضی اور مستقبل کے لحاظ سے تبدیل ہوتا ہے۔Verb Tenses
In interrogative sentences, the verb and subject are inverted, like "Is he coming?"سوالیہ جملے میں فعل اور فاعل کی ترتیب بدل جاتی ہے، جیسے "Is he coming?"۔Interrogative Sentences
An adverb modifies a verb or another adjective, like "He runs quickly."صفت فعل یا دوسری صفات کی وضاحت کرتی ہے، جیسے "He runs quickly"۔Adverbs
"To" and "for" are common prepositions used in specific contexts."To" اور "for" مخصوص حالتوں میں استعمال ہونے والے عام حرفِ جر ہیں۔Prepositions
Wh" questions are used for information, like "What, Where, Why."Wh" سوالات معلوماتی سوالات کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں، جیسے "What, Where, Why"۔WH-Questions
Nouns come in singular and plural forms, like "dog" and "dogs."اسم واحد اور جمع دونوں شکلوں میں آتے ہیں، جیسے "dog" اور "dogs"۔Singular & Plural Nouns
An adjective describes a state in the present, past, or future, like "He is happy now."صفت حال، ماضی اور مستقبل میں حالت کو ظاہر کرتی ہے، جیسے "He is happy now"۔Adjectives
Conjunctions like "and," "but" are used to connect clauses or sentences.حرفِ ربط (Conjunctions) جیسے "and," "but" جملے جوڑنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں۔Conjunctions
Phrases are formed by combining nouns, verbs, and adjectives, like "The big dog ran fast."فقرے اسم، فعل، اور صفت کو ملا کر بنائے جاتے ہیں، جیسے "The big dog ran fast"۔Phrases
Interjections express surprise or emotions, like "Wow!"حرفِ ندا (Interjections) حیرت یا جذبات کے اظہار کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں، جیسے "Wow!"Interjections
The indefinite articles "a" and "an" are used before singular nouns.غیر معین آرٹیکل (Indefinite Article) "a" اور "an" واحد اسم سے پہلے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔Indefinite Articles
The order of nouns, verbs, and adjectives is necessary to complete a sentence.جملے میں جملہ مکمل کرنے کے لیے اسم، فعل، اور صفت کی ترتیب ضروری ہے۔Sentence Structure
"Is/am/are + verb + ing" is used to express actions happening in the present.زمانہ حال کے عمل کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے "is/am/are + verb + ing" استعمال ہوتا ہے۔Present Continuous Tense
"Was/were + verb + ing" is used to express actions happening in the past.ماضی کے عمل کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے "was/were + verb + ing" استعمال ہوتا ہے۔Past Continuous Tense
Will" is used with verbs to indicate future actions, like "I will go.فعل کے ساتھ "will" استعمال کر کے مستقبل کے عمل کو ظاہر کیا جاتا ہے، جیسے "I will go"۔Future Tense
The subject performs the action, and the object is the receiver of the action.فاعل فعل کو سرانجام دیتا ہے اور مفعول وہ ہوتا ہے جس پر عمل کیا جاتا ہے۔Subject & Object
Is/are/am" are used to indicate the present state, like "He is playing."Is/are/am" زمانہ حال کی حالت ظاہر کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں، جیسے "He is playing"۔Present Tense
Very" is used with adjectives and verbs to indicate intensity, like "She is very happy.صفت اور فعل کے ساتھ "very" کا استعمال شدت کو ظاہر کرتا ہے، جیسے "She is very happy"۔Adverbs
Non-finite verbs are used in a sentence without changing tense, like "to run."غیر جملہ فعل (Non-finite verbs) جملے میں تبدیلی کے بغیر استعمال ہوتے ہیں، جیسے "to run"۔Non-finite Verbs
Wh" question words are used to form interrogative sentences, like "What is your name?سوالیہ جملے بنانے کے لیے "wh" سوالیہ الفاظ کا استعمال ہوتا ہے، جیسے "What is your name?"۔WH-Questions
"Had + past participle" is used to indicate the past perfect tense.ماضی کی تکمیل شدہ حالت کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے "had + past participle" استعمال ہوتا ہے۔Past Perfect Tense
"Have/has + past participle" is used for present perfect tense.زمانہ حال کی تکمیل شدہ حالت کے لیے "have/has + past participle" استعمال ہوتا ہے۔Present Perfect Tense
Correct use of verbs and objects is necessary to complete the meaning.معانی مکمل کرنے کے لیے فعل اور مفعول کا صحیح استعمال ضروری ہے۔Verb-Object Agreement
In a compound sentence, two or more independent clauses are connected by conjunctions like "and" or "but."مرکب جملے میں دو یا زیادہ آزاد جملے "and" یا "but" جیسے ربط سے جوڑے جاتے ہیں۔Compound Sentences
For singular subjects, "s" or "es" is added to the verb, like "He runs."صیغہ واحد فاعل کے ساتھ فعل کے آخر میں "s" یا "es" کا اضافہ کیا جاتا ہے، جیسے "He runs"۔Subject-Verb Agreement
Understanding the difference between "since" (specific point in time) and "for" (duration) is important."since" اور "for" کے فرق کو سمجھنا ضروری ہے: "since" خاص وقت کے لیے اور "for" مدت کے لیے۔Prepositions of Time
"Either...or" and "neither...nor" are used to express two contrasting conditions."either...or" اور "neither...nor" کا استعمال دو متضاد حالتوں کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔Correlative Conjunctions
A verb phrase consists of a main verb and one or more helping verbs, like "She has been running."فعلی جملہ (Verb Phrase) میں فعل اور ایک یا زیادہ معاون فعل ہوتے ہیں، جیسے "She has been running"۔Verb Phrases
Would" is used to express past habits, like "He would play football every day."would" ماضی کی عادتوں کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے، جیسے "He would play football every day"۔Modal Verbs
"Whom" is used as an object, while "who" is used as a subject."whom" کا استعمال مفعول کے طور پر ہوتا ہے، جبکہ "who" فاعل کے طور پر استعمال ہوتا ہے۔Relative Pronouns
Might" expresses uncertainty or doubt, like "It might rain today."might" غیر یقینی یا شک کی حالت کو ظاہر کرتا ہے، جیسے "It might rain today"۔Modal Verbs
"Although" and "even though" introduce clauses that express contrasting ideas."although" اور "even though" کے بعد آنے والے جملے متضاد خیالات کو ظاہر کرتے ہیں۔Subordinating Conjunctions
In indirect speech, the verb shifts to the past tense, like "He said he was going."غیر مستقیم تقریر (Indirect Speech) میں فعل ماضی میں تبدیل ہو جاتا ہے، جیسے "He said he was going"۔Indirect Speech
Conditional sentences use "if" or "unless" to express hypothetical situations.مشروط جملے (Conditional Sentences) میں "if" یا "unless" کے بعد فرضی حالات ظاہر کیے جاتے ہیں۔Conditional Sentences
Object clauses act as the object of the verb, like "I know that she is coming."مفعولی جملے (Object Clauses) فعل کے مفعول کے طور پر کام کرتے ہیں، جیسے "I know that she is coming"۔Object Clauses
In a compound sentence, two or more clauses are joined by conjunctions, like "He sings and she dances."مرکب جملے میں دو یا زیادہ جملے ربط سے جوڑے جاتے ہیں، جیسے "He sings and she dances"۔Compound Sentences
The use of "by" and "with" changes in passive voice, like "The book was written by him" and "He opened the door with a key.""by" اور "with" کا استعمال فعل کی حالت میں مختلف ہوتا ہے، جیسے "The book was written by him" اور "He opened the door with a key"۔Prepositions of Agent & Instrument
The past perfect tense is used when mentioning two past actions, like "He had left before I arrived."فعل کی ماضی بعید (Past Perfect) حالت اس وقت استعمال ہوتی ہے جب دو ماضی کے اعمال کا ذکر ہو، جیسے "He had left before I arrived"۔Past Perfect Tense
Could have" and "might have" are used to express possibilities, like "She could have missed the train."could have" اور "might have" امکانات ظاہر کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں، جیسے "She could have missed the train"۔Modal Verbs
The difference between "shall" and "will," where "shall" is used for more formal future expressions."shall" اور "will" کے استعمال کا فرق، جیسے "shall" زیادہ تر رسمی مستقبل کے اظہار کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔Modal Verbs
Not" is used to form negative sentences, like "He is not coming.نفی کے جملے بنانے کے لیے "not" کا استعمال ہوتا ہے، جیسے "He is not coming"۔Negation
The difference between transitive and intransitive verbs, like "He runs" (intransitive) and "He writes a letter" (transitive).فعل کی صیغہ لازم اور صیغہ متعدی (Transitive & Intransitive Verbs) کا فرق، جیسے "He runs" (لازم) اور "He writes a letter" (متعدی)۔Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
If" and "whether" are used to indicate choices, like "I don't know if he will come."if" اور "whether" کا استعمال دونوں حالتوں کے لیے کیا جاتا ہے، جیسے "I don't know if he will come"۔Conditional Clauses
The difference between present indefinite and present continuous, like "He plays" and "He is playing."غیر معین اور معین مضارع (Present Indefinite & Present Continuous) کا فرق، جیسے "He plays" اور "He is playing"۔Present Tense
Must" is used to express obligation or necessity, like "You must do your homework."must" ذمہ داری یا لازمی کام کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے، جیسے "You must do your homework"۔Modal Verbs
The difference between active and passive voice, like "He eats an apple" (active) and "An apple is eaten by him" (passive).فعل کی حالتیں (Active & Passive) میں فرق، جیسے "He eats an apple" (active) اور "An apple is eaten by him" (passive)۔Active & Passive Voice
The difference between "since" and "because," like "She is tired because she worked hard" and "She is tired since morning.""since" اور "because" کے درمیان فرق، جیسے "She is tired because she worked hard" اور "She is tired since morning"۔Conjunctions
The use of "hard" and "hardly" shows different meanings, like "He works hard" and "He hardly works.""hard" اور "hardly" کا استعمال مختلف معنی ظاہر کرتا ہے، جیسے "He works hard" اور "He hardly works"۔Adverbs
"Either" and "neither" are used to express one of two options."either" اور "neither" کو دو میں سے کسی ایک حالت کے اظہار کے لیے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔Correlative Conjunctions
The difference between "no" and "not" in negative sentences, like "He has no money" and "He is not happy."نفی کے جملوں میں "no" اور "not" کا فرق، جیسے "He has no money" اور "He is not happy"۔Negation
The difference between "too" and "enough," like "It is too cold" and "It is cold enough.""too" اور "enough" کے استعمال کا فرق، جیسے "It is too cold" اور "It is cold enough"۔Adverbs of Degree
Unless" is used in conditional sentences with a negative meaning, like "I won’t go unless it stops raining."unless" شرطیہ جملے میں نفی کے ساتھ استعمال ہوتا ہے، جیسے "I won’t go unless it stops raining"۔Conditional Clauses
A noun clause functions as a subject or object in a sentence, like "What he said is true."اسم کا جملہ (Noun Clause) جملے میں مفعول یا فاعل کے طور پر کام کرتا ہے، جیسے "What he said is true"۔Noun Clauses
The difference between "where" (for place) and "which" (for choice)."where" اور "which" کا فرق: "where" جگہ کے لیے اور "which" انتخاب کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔Relative Pronouns
While" and "during" are used to indicate time, like "I read while he slept" and "During the meeting, he spoke."while" اور "during" وقت ظاہر کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں، جیسے "I read while he slept" اور "During the meeting, he spoke"۔Conjunctions of Time
The difference between "so" and "such" to show intensity, like "It was so hot" and "It was such a hot day.""so" اور "such" کا فرق شدت ظاہر کرنے کے لیے ہوتا ہے، جیسے "It was so hot" اور "It was such a hot day"۔Adverbs of Degree
May" and "might" are used to express possibilities, like "It may rain" and "It might rain."may" اور "might" کا استعمال امکانات ظاہر کرنے کے لیے ہوتا ہے، جیسے "It may rain" اور "It might rain"۔Modal Verbs
How" and "what" are used for questions of explanation, like "How are you?" and "What is your name?"how" اور "what" سوالات میں وضاحت کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں، جیسے "How are you?" اور "What is your name?"۔WH-Questions
Than" is used for comparisons, like "She is taller than me."than" کا استعمال تقابل کے لیے ہوتا ہے، جیسے "She is taller than me"۔Comparisons
Neither...nor" expresses two negatives, like "Neither John nor Jane came."neither...nor" دو نفی کو ظاہر کرتا ہے، جیسے "Neither John nor Jane came"۔Correlative Conjunctions
More" and "most" express comparative and superlative degrees, like "more interesting" and "most interesting."more" اور "most" تقابلی اور اعلی درجے کی حالت ظاہر کرتے ہیں، جیسے "more interesting" اور "most interesting"۔Degrees of Comparison
Indefinite pronouns like "someone," "anyone" refer to unspecified people or things.غیر معین اسم (Indefinite Pronouns) جیسے "someone," "anyone" غیر معین اشخاص یا چیزوں کو ظاہر کرتے ہیں۔Indefinite Pronouns
Ought to" expresses duty or obligation, like "You ought to help him."ought to" ذمہ داری یا فرض ظاہر کرتا ہے، جیسے "You ought to help him"۔Modal Verbs
Should" is used to express advice or expected action, like "You should eat healthy."should" مشورہ یا متوقع عمل کو ظاہر کرتا ہے، جیسے "You should eat healthy"۔Modal Verbs
The difference between "will" (future) and "would" (hypothetical action)."will" اور "would" کے استعمال کا فرق مستقبل اور فرضی عمل کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔Modal Verbs
"Hardly" and "scarcely" are used to express difficulty or rarity."hardly" اور "scarcely" کو مشکل یا کم ہونے کے اظہار کے لیے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔Adverbs of Degree
Either...or" expresses a choice between two options, like "You can either stay or leave."either...or" دو میں سے ایک انتخاب ظاہر کرتا ہے، جیسے "You can either stay or leave"۔Correlative Conjunctions
Has" and "have" express the present perfect tense, like "She has finished."has" اور "have" فعل کی حالت میں موجودہ مکمل عمل کو ظاہر کرتے ہیں، جیسے "She has finished"۔Present Perfect Tense
Much" and "many" are used to express quantity, like "I have many friends" and "I have much time."much" اور "many" کا استعمال مقدار کے اظہار کے لیے ہوتا ہے، جیسے "I have many friends" اور "I have much time"۔Quantifiers

This table summarizes important points from Wren and Martin's English Grammar and Composition in both Urdu and English.

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